President Bush's pronouncement that he would wage a crusade against terrorism has sent waves of concern and even anger in the Muslim World. President Bush and his aides claimed that it was a slip of the tongue and what Bush really meant to say was a "broad cause" against terrorism. If this is true, then it is even more frightening. Is the idea of a crusade so strongly embedded in George W. Bush's subconscious that it would slip out so easily?

Whether Bush is thinking in terms of a crusade, his use of the term has done considerable damage to his efforts to build a global coalition in his "broad cause" against a multinational network of terrorists. Not only are many Muslims upset and angry at Bush's use of the term, they are now determined not to join him in his war against Muslims.  Moreover, they are responding to this comment by wondering if Osama Bin Laden has been right all along; that the US is an enemy of Islam and will use any and every opportunity to destroy it. How different, they wonder, is Bush's call for a global crusade from Bin Laden's call for a global jihad?

Insensitive and jingoistic diplomacy is the first threat to the international consensus that Bush must construct meticulously to make his plan work.

There are other challenges to this potential global alliance against terror. These challenges are of two types; those that would preclude the creation of an effective alliance, and those that will undermine its stability and longevity.
The formative challenges will essentially entail the aligning of the national interests of diverse nations with those of the United States. This is not an easy task since some of the key players whose cooperation is imperative, such as Pakistan, Iran and Syria, have had adversarial relations with the US in the recent past. All these states currently have US sanctions imposed against them that have prevented them from pursuing their own legitimate national interests.

US sanctions against Iran punish it for eliminating the enemies of Iran overseas. Now the US seeks Iranian cooperation to do the same. US sanctions have been placed against Syria for its support of Hezbollah, an organization which successfully drove Israel out of Lebanon and the Golan Heights. US sanctions against Pakistan were imposed due to its pursuit of nuclear and ballistic technology, which was a necessary tool in balancing India, an emerging adversarial regional power.

The US has actively undermined the national interests of these states, and now hopes that overnight these states will align their interests with those of the US.  This seems a bit unlikely, unless the US makes it worth their while. It does however raise another question. How far will the US accommodate the needs of other states to ensure their consistent cooperation?

Will the US drop the sanctions against Pakistan? Will Iran and Syria get off the list of states that sponsor terrorists? After all, how can the US allies against terror also be on US list of state sponsors of terrorism? How will Israel and more importantly the powerful Israeli lobby in the US respond to this realignment and restructuring of the geopolitical terrain in the Middle East?

Demanding the full support of Pakistan, which includes access to intelligence, surrogate diplomacy, and permission to use its air space and bases to launch an attack against Afghanistan if necessary, will require more than loan guarantees and lifting of sanctions. Pakistan risks widespread discontent, split in the military establishment, a refugee crisis and even an Islamist uprising by meeting US demands. First and foremost, the US will have to convince Pakistan that they will not abandon it or ignore their legitimate national interests.

Is the US ready to make such a promise to Pakistan?  More importantly, can it fulfill such a promise? Will the US look the other way if in the future Pakistan acquires advanced military technology from China? Or even better, will the US replace China as the guarantor of Pakistan's technological balance of power with India? Pakistan will surely seek an increased US participation in their dispute with India over Kashmir. So far the US has maintained a safe distance from this potentially Palestine-like scenario. This may change given the criticality of Pakistan's cooperation in the initial US response and its future assaults on anti-US elements in the region.